Family history: Having a father or brother with prostate cancer more than doubles the risk of developing this disease. The risk is much higher for men with several affected relatives.

High testosterone level: Men who use testosterone therapy are more likely to develop prostate cancer, as an increase in testosterone stimulates the growth of the prostate gland.

Diet: : A high fatty diet, as well as obesity, increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Genome changes: Certain genetic changes have been known to elevate prostate cancer risks.Cancer is a malignant tumor

What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

There are no symptoms of early prostate cancer. Once the cancer spreads into the nearby tissue, the following symptoms may happen:

1. A frequent need to urinate, especially at night
2. Difficulty starting or stopping urination
3. A weak or interrupted urinary stream
4. A weak or interrupted urinary stream
5. Inability to urinate standing up
6. A painful or burning sensation during urination or ejaculation
7. Blood in urine or semen

Symptoms of advanced prostate cancer include the following:

1. Dull, deep pain or stiffness in the lower back, ribs or upper thighs; pain in the bones of those areas.
2. Loss of weight and appetite, fatigue, nausea or vomiting.
3. Swelling of the lower limbs
4. Weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs, often with constipation.
5. Other diseases can also cause many of these same symptoms. Hence, in case of any symptoms along with evidence of risk factors, consult a doctor. What are the treatment options for prostate cancer?

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

In case of any symptoms related to prostate cancer, the doctor will try to find out what's causing the problems. The following tests may be done:

Digital rectal exam (DRE): The doctor inserts a gloved finger into the rectum in order to check any abnormalities in the prostate shape, feel and texture.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test: A sample of blood is taken to check for PSA, a protein produced by the prostate which is normally found in the blood which increases in prostate cancer.

Trans-rectal ultrasound scan (TRUS): TRUS uses sound waves to make an image of the prostate on a video screen. TRUS is often used to look at the prostate when a man has a high PSA level or has an abnormal DRE.

Biopsy:If DRE or PSA tests show any abnormalities, the doctor may do a biopsy. A sample of tissue is removed from the prostate and viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer.Mentioned below are the factors that are know to increase the risk of prostate cancer.

There are also some general tests that need to be done to diagnose and/or confirm prostate cancer such as bone scan, ultrasound, CT scans, MRI etc. The doctor will decide which tests are necessary; all of them may not be done.

What are the treatment option for prostate cancer?Various therapies are used for the treatment of prostate cancer e.g. watchful waiting, removal of tumor (surgery), killing cancer cells with drugs (chemotherapy) or radiation (radiotherapy). Depending on the size and spread of the cancer, treatment can include any of these therapies or a combination. The doctor will decide on the treatment, depending on the type and severity of the disease and the condition of the patient.

How can the risk of prostate cancer be reduced?

How can the risk of prostate cancer be reduced?

1. Good lifestyle and a healthy diet: Eating a healthy, balanced diet with more fruits, vegetables and whole grain foods along with a healthy lifestyle.
2. Weight: Achieving/maintaining a desirable weight.
3. Exercise and being active: Improves physical & emotional health.
4. Reducing red meat intake: Try to keep the amount of fat you get from red meat to a minimum.
5. Regular screening: A yearly rectal examination and PSA testing should be performed in men aged 50years and above.

For more information, please consult your Doctor.

DO'S: Regular screening after the age of 50 years Exercise.

DON'T'S: Ignore symptoms, High red meat intake

The causes/risk factors that affect a person's chances of developing RCC are as follows:

1. RCC risk increases with increasing age.
2. Cigarette smoking doubles the risk of RCC and contributes to as many asone-third of all cases. The risk appears to increase with the amount of cigarette smoking
3. Occupational exposure to petroleum products. heavy metals, solvents, asbestos etc
4. Some hereditary diseases can increase the risk of RCC e.g. Von Hippel-Lindau disease.
5. High blood pressure, a family history of renal disease and associated cancer such as lymphoma increases the risk of RCC
6. Obesity, particularly in women increasing body weight increases the risk of RCC
7. Taking painkillers in large amounts may be associated with an increased incidence of RCC.
8. In patients undergoing long-term renal dialysis there is an increased incidence of kidney diseases, which can lead to RCC
9. Tuberous sclerosis la genetic disorder affecting multiplication of the cells) appears to be associated with RCC

What are the symptoms of RCC?

RCC symptoms usually do not appear und the disease has progressed. In fact it is usually detected accidentally when another symptom or condition is being investigated.

The symptoms of RCC include the following:

1. Unintentional weight loss
2. Malaise (feeling of discomfort, illness or uneasiness)
3. Fatigue (tiredness
4. Loss of appetites
5. Anemia (low hemoglobin due to an abnormally low number of red blood cells)
6. Fever
7. Cachexia (wasting away of the physical body without any attempt at dieting)
8. Night sweats
9. Presence of a large abdominal mass
10. Blood in the urine
11. Pain felt on the side or lower back

In case of any of the above symptoms, consult a doctor

How is RCC diagnosed?

There are some general and some specific tests that need to be done to diagnose and confirm RCC such as urine analysis, kidney and liver function tests. ultrasound, CT scans. MRL PET intravenous pyelogram (IVP) biopsy (viewing under a microscope) etc.

The doctor will decide the tests that are necessary: all them may not be done.

What are the treatment options for RCC?

Various therapies are used for the treatment of cancer. E.g. removal of the tumor (surgery), killing cancer cells with drugs (chemotherapy) or radiation (radiotherapy). The doctor will decide on the treatment, depending on the type and severity of the disease and the condition of the patient.

How can RCC be prevented?

The risk of RCC can be decreased by:

1. Avoiding tobacco in all forms of quitting smoking
2. Eating a healthy, balanced diet with more fruits and vegetables
3. Keeping way or protecting oneself from secondhand smoke or air pollution by covering one's nose
4. (E.g. by using mask)
5. Maintaining a healthy weight
6. Controlling high blood pressure
7. Reducing or avoiding exposure to certain carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) present in the environment e.g. tobacco smoke, drugs, pollutants etc.

For more information, please consult your Doctor.

Do's

1. Maintaining a healthy weight
2. Eating a healthy, balanced diet
3. Controlling high blood pressure

Don'ts

1. Smoking
2. Being exposed to secondhand smoke
3. Being exposed to environmental carcinogens

Age: The risk increases with age.

Gender: Men are more likely to develop pancreatic cancer than women

Tobacco: The risk of getting pancreatic cancer is 2 to 3 times higher among smokes chewing tobacco increases the ex of exocrine pancreatic cancer

Obesity and physical inactivity: Very overweigh (obese) people and those who don't get much physical activity are more likely to develop exocrine pancreatic cancer

Diabetes: Exocrine pancreatic cancer is more common in people with diabetes,

Chronic pancreatitis (long-term inflammation of the pancreas): it is linked with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, especially in smokes.

Cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver: This increases the risk of pancreatic cancer

Alcohol: Heavy alcohol use can raise the risk of diabetes liver cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis, which are risk factors for pancreatic cancer.

Occupational exposure: Heavy exposure at work to pesticides, dyes, and chemical used in metal refining may increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer e.g. farmers, people working in the mining industry. Etc.

Family history: Pancreatic cancer may run in some families.

Genetic syndromes: Cells contain genes in the form of DNA. Any permanent change in can be passed from parent to child. These abnormal genes may cause as many as 10% of pancreatic cancers, e.g.p16.PRSS1, BRCA2

Cells contain genes in the form of DNA. Any permanent change in can be passed from parent to child. These abnormal genes may cause as many as 10% of pancreatic cancers, e.g.p16.PRSS1, BRCA2

Stomach problems: Infection of the stomach due to ulcer- causing bacteria or excess stomach acid may increase the risk

Diet: There is a link between pancreatic cancer and diets high in fat, or those that include a lot of red meat pork and processed meat,

What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer?

Pancreatic cancer may not cause symptoms for a long time, and they may be unclear at the start , some common symptoms include the following:

1. Nausea and vomiting
2. Feeling bloated after meals
3. Loss of appetite
4. Feeling extremely tired
5. Diarrhea or a change in bowel habits
6. Depression
7. Weight loss that is unintentional

PainThis often begins in the upper tummy (abdomen) and sometimes spreads to back.

Jaundice: a tumor in the pancreas sometimes block the normal flow of bile (a substance produced in the liver) into the small intestine. This may cause jaundice. Symptoms include yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, itchy skin dark yellow urine and pale stools.

How is pancreatic cancer diagnosed?

There are some general and some specific tests that need to be done to diagnosed and confirm pancreatic cancer such as medical history, physical examination, blood tests, X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, MRI, PET, ultrasound, laparoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Percutaneous trans hepatic cholangiography (PTC), biopsy (viewing under a microscope). Etc.

The doctor will decide on the tests that are necessary: all of them may not be done.

How can pancreatic cancer by treated?

Various therapies are used for the treatment of cancer e.g. removal of the tumor (surgery), killing cancer cells with drugs (chemotherapy), or radiation (radiotherapy). The doctor will decide on the treatment, depending on the type and severity of the disease and the condition of the patient.

How can pancreatic cancer be prevented?

Some lifestyle changes help to decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer, especially in those at high ri

Following a healthy diet that included a variety of foods, especially lots of fruits and vegetables:choosing whole-grain foods; and reducing intake of meats that are high in fact.Achieving or maintaining a desirable weightExercise can improve physical and emotional health and plays a role in preventing pancreatic cancer.Quitting tobacco in any form such as smoking (cigarettes, cigars, etc.) and chewing (gutka).Limiting alcohol consumption may help lower the risk of pancreatic cancer.Reducing or avoiding exposure to occupations carcinogens (cancer-causing agents).

The DO'S

1. Health diet with lots of fruits and vegetables
2. Regular exercise
3. Achieving and maintaining a desirable weight

The DONT'S

1. Tobacco in any form like gutka, cigarettes, cigars, etc.
2. Diet high in fat content, e.g. red meat
3. Alcohol intake

1. Age: It is usually seen in people aged 50 years of older.
2. Gender: it occurs more often in men than women.
3. Alcohol, tobacco and obesity are independent risk factors for the development of HCC. but when combined, they appear to collectively increase the risk.
4. Long-term (chronic) infection with hepatitis b (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) increases the risk. Cirrhosis (scar tissues in the liver) due to alcohol or too much iron in the liver (hemochromatosis) is one of the main risk factors for HCC.
5. Aflatoxins from a fungus that can contaminate peanuts. wheat, soybeans, groundnuts, com and nice can be risk factor

What are the signs and symptoms of HCC?

Many patients with HCC do not develop symptoms until the advanced stages of the humor. The symptoms HCC may include any of the following

1. Nausea (feeling like vomiting)
2. Unexplained weight loss
3. Bloating (feeling of fullness)
4. Unexplained fever
5. Tendemess (i.e. pain on applying pressure, particularly in the right-upper part of the abdomen (tummy)
6. Swelling of the tummy
7. Decreased appetite
8. Jaundice
9. Swelling of the legs
10. Pain in the right shoulder

In case of any of the above Symptoms, consult a doctor.

How is HCC diagnosed?

There are some general and some specific tests that need to be done to diagnose and confirm HCC, such as blood tests for tumor markets (substance in the body that may indicate the presence of cancer). If one has chronic hepatitis or known cirrhosis, a periodic screening with a liver ultrasound or measurement of blood alpha-fetoprotein levels may help detect HCC early. X-ray, CT scans, liver scans, live tissue biopsy (viewing under microscope) etc are some of methods used for the diagnosis of HCC

The doctor will decide the tests that are necessary: all of them may not be done.

How can HCC be treated?

Stem Cell Treatment for Liver Cirrhosis HCC is treatable upon early detection other treatments to relieve the symptoms improve the quality of the patient's life. The treatment depends on the type and stage, and could include any therapy or a combination of therapies. Various therapies are used for the treatment of cancer. E.g. removal of the tumor (surgery), killing cancer cells with drugs (chemotherapy) or radiation (radiotherapy). The doctor will decide on the treatment, depending on the type and severity of the disease, and the condition of the patient.

How can HCC be prevented?

Preventions is the best approach. The following protective measures may decrease the risk of HCC:

1. Cirrhosis may benefit from screening for increases iron Preventing and treating viral hepatitis early may help reduce the risk of HCC.
2. Eating a healthy, balanced diet with more fruits and vegetables.
3. Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B may reduce the hepatitis B disease and, thus, decreases the risk of HCC.
4. Limiting alcohol consumption may help lower the risk of НСС.
5. Patients who develop progressive iron overload and level in the liver (hemochromatosis).

For more information, please consult your Doctor.

Do's

1. Vaccination against hepatitis B
2. Vaccination against hepatitis B

Don'ts

1. Drink alcohol
2. Use tobacco
3. Eat processed foods